Fictitious $10,000 portfolio. Prices use sourced official unadjusted closing prices with 0.10% adverse modeled trading friction. Buy budgets include friction. Commission and cash interest are $0. Shares round down to eight decimal places.
Long-only, unleveraged U.S.-listed stocks and ETFs. A purchase cannot take a position above 25% of portfolio value. No outside deposits or withdrawals. Missing prices or failed risk checks leave orders unfilled, without resizing or substitution.
SPY comparison starts at the same first-entry close. Returns include recorded cash distributions and require matched prices and complete income evidence. Recorded drawdown is not a continuous intraday measure. No taxes or reinvestment are assumed. Simulated results are not real-world performance.